Contemporary Strategy Management

Question: Dissect the vital issues of the Vodafone Company that is the main organization in versatile correspondences. Answer: 1. Presentation Vodafone Group PLC is the universes driving versatile media transmission organization that is working system in excess of 26 nations just as has accomplice connect with in excess of 50 nations around the globe with huge nearness in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia pacific and the United State (Vodafone, 2016). The organization was framed as auxiliary of Radal electronic PLC in 1908 and was built up to investigate the chance of the new cell innovation for remote correspondence. Besides, the companys methodology is concentrating on worldwide market and grow its image precent around the globe. The association has been overseen effectively more than 4 CEO with Vittorio Colao who is the fourth CEO and current CEO to deal with the organization. The principle point of the report is to dissect the vital issues of the Vodafone Company that is the main organization in portable interchanges. The fundamental issue that the organization is confronting is with keeping up the benefit of the organization. The principle point of the organization as of late is to move the techniques to improve the benefit of the firm rather than development. The goal is to oversee universal techniques all together increment the worldwide system. The report basically assesses the contextual analysis on Vodafone 2012: Rethinking universal system. Breaking down the contextual analysis the creator responds to the inquiries, for example, advantages of global extension in remote telecomm. The report offers guidance to Vodafone on its global procedure with respect to the business on which Vodafone ought to strip and contribute (Eden and Ackermann 2013). This report is led in the reason for recognizing key issues or issues that Vodafone is confronted which liable to influence the association universal execution just as investigation and assess every issue in detail and give proposal for Vodafone to have a superior improvement in its system and execution in worldwide market. Colao the new CEO of Vodafone organization targets improving the benefit state of the organization and growing the business in the universal market. It targets expanding the advantage that the organization can get from its universal degree. The association has been overseen effectively more than four CEO with Vittorio Colao being the fourth and the present CEO to deal with the organization. Besides, the companys procedure is concentrating on worldwide market and grows its image percent around the globe. 2. Distinguishing proof key issues and issues The primary advantages of growing business in global market are that it helps in making separated item offering favorable position to the organization. Different advantages of worldwide degree and offering its assistance to different nations are to offer consistent meandering help. It likewise permits adaptability of the limited time thoughts. It additionally permits advancement of new items. The principle advantage of universal degree in remote telecom is upper hand, item separation, economies of scale, hazard the board and innovative change. Subsequently so as to snatch these chances and grow its business in worldwide market the organization needs to recognize the global vital issues and issues. It should then target explaining these issues to serve the organization in the global market (Gamble and Thompson 2014). The quantity of contenders for the wirelesses correspondence is ascending in the global market that is making it fundamental for the organization to receive methodologies that will lead in universal reconciliation. To reach to top situation in the global market it is basic for the organization to audit its worldwide procedures to help the organization. The primary contenders of Vodafone Company are ATT, China portable and Nippon Telegraph and phone. To augment benefit, increasing upper hand is fundamental so the organization can make an interesting brand name to construct client unwaveringness (Ghezzi 2013). The key issues and issue which recorded beneath are exist in Vodafones current circumstance and execution. So as to improve the organization worldwide execution, these issues need to consider to have better methodology and advancement. 3.1 Differences in client inclinations innovation advancement, and innovation in working district The primary key issues happened in Vodafone universal methodology (One Vodafone), which drives One Vodafone system neglect to run and work all around, are the distinctions in culture, innovation, and innovation advancement. As One Vodafone system are attempting to utilize the single innovation stage in the market that the organization enters and works. Especially, the distinction in innovation advancement, innovation, and client inclinations in two markets, including Japan, The US have made Vodafone neglect to run and deal with its procedure effectively. The fundamental vital issue that influences the companys development in the worldwide market is the distinctions in the way of life of the individuals. The primary point of Colao ought to be to manage the distinctions in buyer inclinations so as to demand its technique effectively. The principle issue is contrasts in the mechanical culture between the nations that the organization was not having the option to deal with. , The US have made Vodafone neglect to run and deal with its system effectively (Galliers and Leidner 2014). 3.2 Vodafone has not deal with its portfolio viably (absence of command over its auxiliaries) Vital issues that exist in Vodafone worldwide technique (One Vodafone), which drives Vodafone to not deal with its global portfolio viably, are Vodafone absence of power over its auxiliaries in the US, Japan and France advertise. In spite of the fact that Vodafone has holding minority of stake of Verizon remote (45 %) in the US market and SFR (44%) in the France advertise, those two organization are not adjusted Vodafone while working in the market. It has demonstrated that Vodafone has not influence its assets to extend its worldwide nearness. The primary vital issue that influences the companys development in the worldwide market is the distinctions in the way of life of the individuals. The principle point of Colao ought to be to manage the distinctions in customer inclinations so as to require its technique effectively. The primary issue is contrasts in the innovative culture between the nations that the organization was not having the option to deal with. , The US have made Vodafone neglect to run and deal with its technique effectively (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). 3.3 Vodafone is delayed in reacting to industry advancement (changing industry assessment) Vodafone is easing back to react the market pattern because of its versatile concentrate just methodology. As per (Grant 2013, p. 690) a key market pattern was the coordination of fixed and portable correspondence through packaged contribution to client. While the greater part of local center administrator offered fourfold play packs including containing fixed and portable communication, broadband web access, and TV administrations, Vodafone is delayed to reaction in this pattern and has no system for intermingling. Moreover, Vodafone all out correspondence methodology is viewed as moderate response to the market pattern as they couldn't adequately give full an incentive to client in term of pack offering of portable and fixed line correspondence. Because of the business advancement, handsets showcase with their product, for example, Apple (IPhone, IPad), RIM (Blackberry) has move to be the key player in the business. In any case, Vodafone couldn't disseminates iPhone or offer their support of iPhone client until 2008. Moreover, the developing prevailing of Apple in portable web get to implying that they predominant flexibly remote application will constrain the worth Vodafone can offer to their client in term of remote application (Reddy et al. 2014). To improve its universal business execution to amplify its benefit is that Vodafone can extend its degree and can strip its business into diversion showcase. The organization ought to likewise focus on putting resources into joint endeavor with the nearby specialist co-op. Colaos procedure was to extend the business in the market where Vodafone came up short on a controlling stakes, for example, Japan, India and different nations. It is fundamental for Vodafone to build its pace of work. It is delayed in reacting to industry development. It likewise has absence of control of organizations in its universal portfolios, for example, United States and France (Ghezzi et al. 2014). 4. Investigation and assessment The investigation of the contextual analysis shows that the methodology set forth by Colao ahs helped Vodafone organization increment its development. It has strengthened its development as the universes most global media transmission supplier. The primary issue with Vodafone is to keep up and accomplish upper hand. The primary procedure of Vittorio Colao was to increment and improve the client esteem by giving them good items and diminishing the expense of creation. The subsequent point was to fortify the capital order (Grant 2015). 4.1. Distinction in client inclinations, innovation, and innovation advancement Upper hands inside worldwide substance investigation structure (supplement) are going to use so as to dissect Vodafone current issues and subsequently to help Vodafone to re recognize its upper hand in the universal market that they are enter and work, particularly Japan and the US advertise. As indicated by Grant (2013, p 319), upper hand in the universal substance investigation system causes the association to see how upper hand is accomplished in the worldwide market when the association coordinate its interior quality in assets and abilities. Besides, the system additionally calls attention to that picking up the upper hand in the universal market relies upon firm assets as well as the national condition that the firm enters to. Right off the bat,

Childs Ghost essays

Kid's Ghost papers The kid within todays adolescents isn't dead, nor is it a phantom meandering around fiercely fighting back against the world. Or maybe, it is lost, urgently attempting to locate a home or solace in something comparative. What it finds rather is anger, hopelessness, and savagery. The reason for which is the degenerate media and a ratty situation. What's up in saying that these youthful casualties are phantoms, notwithstanding, is that we expect this soul of adolescence is dead; that such purportedly lost spirits can not be spared, and can not be indeed a glad youngster. Things being what they are, the place precisely would they say they are discovering solace? In a home where there is no obvious caring guardian, the kid will locate another kind of family in a gathering of companions. Contingent upon the gathering, youngsters might be joining a group. This gathering offers insurance, a mindful like condition, regularly a home, and generally a family. As individuals we as a whole need that sentiment of having a place, It is discouraging to consider not regularly having somebody to be there for you, regardless of how autonomous you might be. As astounding as it might appear to be however, a vicious child may come out of a home of adoring guardians, yet guardians that don't have the foggiest idea how to direct or rebuff their kid. It is a touch of disrupting to stroll into a house were the kid runs the family, guiding the guardians and having them oblige each time like hirelings. We can not accuse just the guardians however; different factors, for examp le, low-salary conditions may drive teenagers to be awful. Not having cash to gracefully essential needs makes a youngster pitiful and irate, and still just being kids they don't see anything incorrectly in doing what ever it takes to get these things. Kids are casualties of their condition, disregarded here and there or the other that has driven them to specific boundaries. The very media that slam these kids additionally acclaim them as legends. There is for all intents and purposes no limit to the sum awful media that is in, what is currently a normal of more than 900 chan ... <!

Tonti, Henri de

Tonti, Henri de Tonti or Tonty, Henri de both: äNre ´ d? tôNte ´ [key], c.1650â€"1704, French explorer in North America, b. Italy. Serving in the French army, he lost a hand in battle; his skillful use of the appliance with which the hand was replaced was later to lead Native Americans to believe him possessed of special powers. In 1678, Tonti accompanied the explorer La Salle to Canada as his lieutenant and was dispatched to Niagara where, among hostile Native Americans, he constructed the Griffon, the first sailboat to ply the Great Lakes W of Ontario. Tonti preceded La Salle westward to Detroit and penetrated into the country of the Illinois, whom he won over to the French interest. In 1680, left by La Salle at Starved Rock to construct a fort, he was faced by desertion of his men and the hostility of the Native Americans and was forced to winter in Wisconsin. Meeting La Salle at Mackinac the following year, he traveled with him down the Mississippi to its mouth; they proclaimed the entir e Mississippi watershed the domain of France. Tonti returned alone to the Illinois River, where he was rejoined by La Salle, and together they completed (1682â€"83) Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock. When La Salle returned to France, Tonti was left in charge of the fort. La Salle did not return, for he failed in his attempt to find the mouth of the Mississippi by sea. Having no word, Tonti in 1686 descended the river in a hopeless search for La Salle. The following year he took part with a band of Illinois in the raid by the marquis de Denonville against the Iroquois. Tonti remained at Fort St. Louis, developing the new empire, until 1700, when he joined Iberville's colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. Pierre Margry included Tonti's account in Mémoires et documents pour servir à l'histoire des origines francaises des pays d'outre-mer (6 vol., 1879â€"1888; tr. Relation of Henri de Tonty, 1898). See J. C. Parish, The Man with the Iron Hand (1913); C. B. Reed, Masters of t he Wilderness (1914); E. R. Murphy, Henry de Tonty, Fur Trader of the Mississippi (1941). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Revolution of the year 1980 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 268 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? This revolution of the year 1980 was sought to alter the American citizens’ attitude towards their government, their beloved country and hence their leaders. He started the campaign by considerably reducing the size of the cabinet. This was meant to reduce the wage bill to the Americans. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Revolution of the year 1980" essay for you Create order The wage bill was become one of the biggest recurrent expenditure by the time (3-6). Ronald Reagan also passed numerous laws that protected every American and protected the boundaries and basic rights of every American citizen more aggressively. This was mostly against external enemies especially the United States of Soviet Union. His leadership was mainly in developing United States into levels that they would feel proud of their mother country; moreover, he protected the United States citizen rights, freedoms and dignity within the boundaries and without. With all these positivity, President Ronald Reagan was able to lower taxes for the American citizen. This was intended to allow the basic goods and services more affordable to the common American As a coin has two sides, the strategy President Reagan chose cut two way. The negative side of his strategy was the creation of social classes and widening the gap. The strategies he chose favored the rich and oppressed the poor. This led to the increase of crime, homelessness and other social vices. Reagan also promoted the oppression of feminism, civil rights and environment movement group. The lack of proper legislation to uphold these important societal movements, he concentrated on development and making American as proud as they could with America. Within this time the United States economy nosedived, unemployment rates were increasing exponentially.

What Caused The Salem Witch Trial Hysteria - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 715 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? Witchcraft originally began in Europe in the 14th century and came to an end in the 18th century. Similar events occurred in the spring of 1692 in Salem, a small group of women testified to be controlled by Satan and blamed the local residents of Salem of witchcraft which caused a wave of hysteria and spread through Salem. A witch is a woman who signed a pact with the devil or sold her soul to the devil, a man was known as a wizard. In the 1600s when unusual physical characteristics were observed, the residents of Salem were not able to explain the growth of unusual flap of skin on the body, commonly known as a witchrs tit. When a person was accused of witchcraft, the residents of Salem would examine the person for a witchrs tit, which is basically a skin tag caused by diabetes. The picture in Document D suggests that people are looking for the witchs tit on the womanrs back which suggests that unusual physical characteristics were signs of witchcraft. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Caused The Salem Witch Trial Hysteria" essay for you Create order Salem back then was a pure theocracy, which means that the people of Salem strongly believed that every word in the Bible was the true word of God and has to be followed. They also believed that witches existed and anybody could become a witch or a wizard by just signing a pact with the devil. In Document C it is indicated that devils and witches exist and the devil can possess anybody. Based off of Document A which says, Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live, which means that a witch does not deserve to live, which is why the punishment for witchcraft was death. Document H clearly suggests that fits experienced by adolescents and many adults were natural and might be a sign of convulsive ergotism. According to Document N accusers could have been suffering from a psychological disorder called convulsive ergotism, a condition caused by ergot a type of fungus found in rye and other grains. Rye and other cereal grains were mainly grown in the fields of Salem. Females had more chances of ergot poisoning than men. Children and pregnant women were more than likely to be affected by the condition. Symptoms include crawling sensations on the skin, trembling and shaking, wryneck, muscle spasms, confusions, delusions, hallucinations, vertigo, seizure-like muscle contractions in addition to a number of other symptoms. Rye was planted in April, harvested in August and threshing most probably took place before Thanksgiving. The symptoms of ergotism can be seen in children on December 1691. The next fall, in 1692, the hysteria ended. On 19 April 1692, Bridget was called for examination and when she came near the affected girls they started getting fits. The examiner thinks that she is hurting the girls and when Bridget nods her head they were tortured when she looked up and the affected girls also looked up, which implies that they were just acting. According to Charles W. Upham, the girls just wanted to create some excitement in the neighborhood and when they realized that their mischief had reached to a whole new level, they went along with the insanity they created. They were prosecutors of every person that was tried in the court. They were not punished for the madness they created and there probably can be no doubt that they were great actors. Based on Document F and Document G we can conclude that they were just acting. On the basis of Document K, Document L, and Document M one of the main reason why many people were accused of witchcraft could be hatred among the residents of Salem. Rebecca Nurse was accused of witchcraft by Ann Putnam Jr., she said that Nurse had affected her by biting, pinching, and pricking her. Ann Putnam Sr. also accused Nurse of witchcraft and said that Nurse murdered her children and tried choking her. Ann Putnam Sr. also feared and hated Nurse because she was from Topsfield, whose town officials had been harassing their family and Rebeccas husband was involved in a dispute with Ann Putnamrs father-in-law. The Salem Witch trials is still an unsolved mystery because nobody knows what caused such a major outbreak and nobody knows the fundamental reason for the outbreak and why so many innocent people were accused and hanged.

Decision Making †Cost Accounting Free Essays

Decisions Involving Alternative Choices Structure: 13. 1 Introduction Objectives 13. 2 Decision Making 13. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making – Cost Accounting or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Types of Costs 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions 13. 6 Addition / Discontinuance of a Product line 13. 7 Sell or Process Further 13. 8 Operate or Shut down 13. 9 Exploring New Markets 13. 10 Maintaining a desired level of profit 13. 11 Summary 13. 12 Terminal Questions 13. 13 Answers to SAQs and TQs 13. 1 Introduction In the previous unit we learnt about Marginal Costing. Marginal costing is the ascertainment of marginal cost and of the effect on profit of changes in volume by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs. Marginal cost is the amount at any given volume of output by which aggregate costs are changed if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit. Marginal costing is a very useful tool for management because of its applications. It is used in providing assistance to the management in vital decision-making both short term and long term. Differential analysis is the process of estimating the consequences of alternative actions that a decision maker may take. It is used both for short term and long term decisions. Short term decisions relates to fixing price for the product, selecting a suitable product mix, diversification of the product etc while long term deals with capital budgeting decisions. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to:  · Explain the steps involved in decision making process  · Know various types of decision choices  · Analyze and interpret various decision choices 13. 2 Decision Making Decision making is the process of evaluating two or more alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions. Decision making is closely associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal. Decision model contains the following decision-making steps or elements: 1. Identify and define the problem 2. Identify alternative as possible solutions to the problem. 3. Eliminate alternatives that are clearly not feasible 4. Collect relevant data (costs and benefits) associated with each feasible alternative 5. Identify cost and benefits as relevant or irrelevant and eliminate irrelevant costs and benefits from consideration. . Identify to the extent possible, non-financial advantage and disadvantage about each feasible alternative. 7. Total the relevant cost and benefits for each alternative 8. Select the alternative with the greatest overall benefits to make a decision 9. Implement or execute the decision 10. Evaluate the results of the decision made. 13. 3 Types of Costs A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions are crucial and critical to the firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty. Short term decision making is based on relevant data obtained from accounting information.  · Relevant Cost are costs which would change as a result of the decision.  · Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursuing the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone.  · Sunk costs are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making.  · Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice. It is also known as discretionary costs. These costs are relevant in decision making.  · Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and additional fixed costs resulting from a particular decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a better measure than the average cost. Self Assessment Questions: 1. Relevant Costs are costs which would _________as a result of the decision. 2. ___________ are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. 3. Opportunity costs are _________________for not pursuing the alternative course 4. ____________ is also known as discretionary cost. 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions The application of incremental / differential costs and revenues for decision making is known as decision situations or types of choice decisions.  · Make or Buy decisions  · Selection of a suitable product mix  · Effect of change in price  · Maintaining a desired level of profit  · Diversification of products  · Closing down or suspending activities  · Alternative course of action  · Own or Lease  · Retain or Replace Change or Status quo  · Export or Local sales  · Expand or Contract  · Take or Refuse order  · Place special orders  · Select sales territories  · Sell at split-up point or process further. 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions Make or buy decisions arise when a company with unused production capacity consider the following alternatives a) To buy certain raw materials or subassemblies fro m outside suppliers b) To use available capacity to produce the items within the company. c) The quality and type of item which affects the production schedule d) The space required for the production of item ) Any transportation involved due to the location of production facility f) Cost of acquiring special know how required for the item. Illustration 1: The Anchor Company Ltd produces most of its electrical parts in its own plant. The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 5 per part. If this were done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000 The part under consideration is manufactured in Department 1 along with numerous other parts. On account of discontinuing the production of this part, Department 1 would have somewhat reduced operations. The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing this part on per unit basis are as follows. |Material |Rs. 1. 80 | |Labour (half-hour) |2. 40 | |Fixed overheads |0. 80 | |Total costs |5. 00 | Solution [pic] The company should continue the practice of producing the part in Department1. Illustration 2: ABC ltd plans utilize its idle capacity by making components parts instead of buying them from suppliers. The following are the data available for decision to make or buy: | |Unit cost | |Direct Material |12. 5 | |Direct Labour |8. 0 | |Variable manufacturing overhead |5. 0 | The company purchases the part at a unit cost of Rs. 30. The company has been operating at 75% of normal capacity. Fixed manufacturing cost is 17 lakhs. The cost to manufacture 50000 units is:    |Unit cost |Total cost | |Direct material |12. 5 |6,25,000 | |Direct labour |8. 0 |4,00,000 | |Variable manufacturing o/h |5. 0 |2,50,000 | |Total incremental cost |25. 5 |12,75,000 | |Cost to purchase part |30. |15,00,000 | |Net advantage in parts production |4. 5 |2,25,000 | Inference: The total incremental cost by producing the part in-house is Rs. 25. 50 while the cost incurred on purchase of the part from suppliers is Rs. 30. 00. There is a clear advantage to the company to produce the part in-house. 13. 6 Addition or Discontinuance of a Product line or Process The decision to add or eliminate an unprofitable produc t is a special case of product profitability evaluation. When a firm is divided into multiple sales outlets, product lines, divisions, departments it may have to evaluate their individual performance to decide whether or not to continue operations of each of these segments. Illustration 3: The Hi-tech Manufacturing Company is presently evaluating two possible processes for the manufacture of a toy, and makes available to you the following information: |Particular |Process A |Process B | | |Rs. Rs. | |Variable cost per unit |12 |14 | |Sales price per unit |20 |20 | |Total fixed costs per year |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Capacity (in units) |4,30,000 |5,00,000 | |Anticipated sales (next year, in units) |4,00,000 |4,00,000 | You are required to suggest: ) Which process should be chosen? Substantiate your answer. ii) Would you change your answer as given above if you were informed that the capacities of the two processes are as follows: A 6, 00,000 units; B 5, 00,000 units? Why? Substantiate your answer. Solution Comparative Profitability Stateme nt |Particular |Process A |Process B | | |Rs. |Rs. | |(i) Selling price per unit |20 20 | |Variable cot per unit |12 |14 | |Contribution per unit |8 |6 | |Total annual contribution (as per anticipated sales) |32,00,000 |24,00,000 | |Total fixed costs per year |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |2,00,000 |3,00,000 | |Process B may be chosen |   |   | |Total contribution (if utilized to present capacity and sold) |34,40,000 |30,00,000 | |Less : Fixed costs |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |4,40,000 |9,00,000 | |Process B may be chosen |   |   | |(ii) Total contribution (if capacity of A of 6,00,000 units and|48,00,000 |30,00,000 | |of B 5,00,000 units) | | | |Less : Fixed costs |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |18,00,000 |9,00,000 | Process A may be chosen. Illustration 4: Addition of second shift Ulfa Ltd produces a single product in its plant. This product sells for Rs. 100 per unit. The standard production cost per unit is as follows: |Raw materials (5 kgs @ Rs. 8 |Rs. 40 | |Direct labour (2 hours @ Rs. ) |10 | |Variable manufacturing overheads |10 | |Fixed manufacturing overheads |20 | |   |80 | The plant is currently operating at full capacity of 1, 00,000 units per years on a single shift. This output is inadequate to meet the projected sales manager has estimated that the firm will lose sales of 40,000 units next years if the capacity is not expanded Plant capacity could be doubled by adding a second shift. This would require additional out-of-pocket fixed manufacturing overhead costs of Rs. 10,00,000 annually. Also, a night work wage premium equal to 25 per cent of the standard wage would have to be paid during the second shift. However, if annual production volume were 1,30,000 units or more, the company could take advantage of 2 per cent quantity discount on its raw material purchases. You are required to advise whether it would be profitable to add the second shift in order to obtain the sales volume of 40,000 units per year? Solution Decision analysis |Particulars |Profit without expansion |Profits with expansion | |Sales revenue |Rs. 1,00,00,000 |Rs. 1,40,00,000 | |Less: variable costs: |   |   | |Raw materials (Rs 39. 0 x 1,40,000) |40,00,000 |54,88,000 | |Direct labour |10,00,000 |15,00,000 | |Variable manufacturing overhead |10,00,000 |14,00,000 | |Contribution |40,00,000 |56,12,000 | |Less : fixed costs (Rs. 1,00,000 x 20) |20,00,000 |30,00,000 | |Net Income |20,00,000 |26,12,000 | Yes, it would be profitable to add the second shift as it would increase profits by Rs. 6, 12,000. Illustration 5: Assume a company is considering dropping product B from its line because accounting statements shows that product B is being sold at a loss. | | | |Product |A |B |C |Total | |Sales revenue |50,000 |7,500 |12,500 |70,000 | |Cost of sales: | | | | | |D. Material |7,500 |1,000 |1,500 |10,000 | |D. Labour |15,000 |2,000 |2,500 |19,500 | |Indirect manufacturing cost (50% of |7,500 |1,000 |1,250 |9,750 | |Direct labour) | | | | | |Total |30,000 |4,000 |5,250 |39,250 | |Gross margin On sales |20,000 |3,500 |7,250 |30,750 | |Selling Admn |12,500 |4,500 |4,000 |21,000 | |Net income |7,500 |(1,000) |3,250 |9,750 | Additional information: a) Factory Overhead cost is made up of fixed cost of Rs. 5850 and variable cost of Rs. 3900. b) Variable cost by products are: A – Rs 3000, B – Rs 400 and C – Rs 500 c) Fixed costs and expense will not be changed if product B is eliminated d) Variable selling and administrative expenses are to the extent of Rs. 11000 can be traced to the product: A-Rs. 7,500; B- Rs. 1500 and C- Rs. 2000 e) Fixed selling and admn expense are Rs. 10000 Solution: [pic] If the sale of product B were discontinued, the marginal contribution would be lost and the net income would be reduced by Rs. 2,600. Assume that after dropping product B, the sales of product A increased by 10%. The total profit of the firm will not increase by this sales increase. Product A makes only a marginal contribution of 34% (17000/50000) |Sales revenue of Product A |50000 |100% | |Variable cost of Product A |33000 |66% | |Marginal contribution of Product A |17000 |34% | On additional sales of Rs. 5000 the marginal contribution would be Rs. 700 |Sales revenue 10% of 50000 |5000 | |Variable cost 66% |3300 | |Marginal contribution (34%) |1700 | This contribution is less than Rs. 2,600 now being realized on the sales of product B. it would take additional sales of product A of approximately Rs. 7,647 to equal the marginal contribution of Rs. 2,600 mow being made by product B: [pic]= Rs. 7,647 It is possible that dropping product B may result in reduction in some of the fixed c osts. Products B now contributes Rs. 2,600 towards recovery of fixed costs and expenses. Only if the fixed costs and expenses can be reduced by more than this amount, it will be advisable to drop product B. 13. Sells or Process Further A firm is frequently faced with the problem of continuing with the existing policies or plans or change to new ones. Such change could be in the form of selling a partially processed product (semi finished) or process further. While taking a decision about such matters, the management must keep in mind the long term consequence and the interest of the firm. Illustration 6: A firm sells semi finished product at Rs. 9 per unit. The cost to manufacture the semi finished product is Rs. 6. Further processing can be done at an additional cost of Rs. 3 per unit and the final product can be sold at Rs. 15 per unit. The firm can produce 10,000 units. The analysis is shown below: |   |Sell |Process Sell | |Sales revenue (10,000 units) |Rs. 90,000 |1,50,000 | |Less : Manufacturing costs |60,000 |90,000 | |Profit |30,000 |60,000 | There is a net advantage of Rs. 30,000 in processing the product further. The market value of the partially processed product (Rs. 90,000) is considered to be opportunity cost of further processing. The figure of net advantage of Rs. 30. 00 can be arrived at in the following manner also: |Revenue from sale of final product (10,000 x 15) |   |Rs. 1,20,000 | |Less : Additional processing cost (10,000 x 3 ) |30,000 |   | |Revenues from sale of intermediate product |90,000 |1,20,000 | |Net advantage in further processing |   |Rs. 30,000 | 13. 8 Operate or Shutdown Various factors both external and internal affect the functioning of the firm. In such situations it becomes necessary for a firm to temporarily suspend or shutdown the activities of a particular product, department or a unit as a whole. Illustration 7: A company operating below 50% of its capacity expects that the volume of sales will drop below the present level of 10,000 units per month. Management is concerned that a further drop in sales volume will create a loss and has under consideration a recommendation that operation be suspended, until better market conditions prevail and also a better selling price. The present operation income statement is as follows: |   |Rs |Rs | |Sales revenue (10,000 units @ Rs. 3. 00) |   |30,000 | |Less : Variable costs @ Rs. 2. 0 per unit |20. 000 |   | |Fixed costs |10,000 |   | |Net Income |   |0 | Suggest the management at what point should the operation be suspended. The fixed cost remains only Rs 4000 if operation is shutdown. The following income statements have been prepared for sales at different capacities: [pic] It would appear that shutdown is desirable when the sale volume drops below 6,000 units per month, the point at which operating losses exceed the shut down cost. 13. 9 Exploring New Markets Decisions regarding entering new markets whether within the country or other the country should be taken after considering the following factors:  · Whether the firm has surplus capacity to meet the new demand?  · What price is being offered by the new market?  · Whether the sale of goods in the new market will affect the present market for the goods? Illustration 8: The following figures are obtained from the budget of a company which is at present working at 90% capacity and producing 13,000 units per annum. |   |90% |100% | | |Rs. |Rs. |Sales |15,00,000 |16,00,000 | |Fixed Expenses |3,00,500 |3,00,600 | |Semi- Fixed Expenses |97,500 |1,00,500 | |Variable Overhead Expenses |1,45,000 |1,49,500 | |Units made |13,500 |15,000 | Labour and material costs per unit are constant under present conditions. Profit margin is 10 per cent. a) You are required to determine the differential cost of producing 1,500 units by increasing capacity to 100 per cent. b) What would you recommend fo r an export price for these 1,500 units taking into account that overseas prices are much lower than indigenous prices? Solution |Basic Calculation: |Rs. | |Sales at 90% capacity 15,00,000 | |Less: Profit 10% |1,50,000 | |Cost of Goods sold |13,50,000 | |Less : Expenses (Fixed, semi-variable and variable) |5,43,000 | |Cost of Material and Labour |8,07,000 | |Labour and Material at 100% capacity = |Rs. 8,07,000 x 100/90 | |   |= 8,96,667 | Differential cost analysis can now be done as follows: Capacity levels |90% |100% |Different cost | |Production (Units) |13,500 |15,000 |1,500 | |Material and Labour |8,07,000 |8,96,667 |89,667 | |Variable overhead expenses |1,45,000 |1,49,500 |4,500 | |Semi-variable expenses |97,500 |1,00,500 |3,000 | |Fixed expenses |3,00,500 |3,00,600 |100 | |   |13,50,000 |14,47,267 |97,267 | a) Different Cost = Rs. 97,267 (Rs. 14,47,267 – 13,50,000) b) Minimum price for export = [pic]= Rs. 64. 84 per unit At this price, there is no addition to revenue; any price above Rs. 64. 84 per unit may be acceptable. Note: It has been presumed that i) No capital investment is necessary ii) No export charges are incurred and ii) The export price will have no effect on the home market where the product will continue to be sold at the old price. It has also been assumed that necessary precaution have been taken to ensure that the product is not ‘dumped back’. 13. 10 Maintaining a Desired level of profit When deciding between alternative courses of actions the criterion should be to select the project which yields the greatest contribution. Illustration 9: A company is considering expansion. Fixed costs amount to Rs. 4, 20,000 and are expected to increase by Rs. 1, 25,000 when plant expansion is completed. The present plant capacity is 80,000 units a year. Capacity will increase by 50 per cent with the expansion. Variable costs are currently Rs. 6. 0 per unit and are expected to go down by Rs. 0. 40 per unit with the expans ion. The current selling price is Rs. 16 per unit and is expected to remain same under either alternative. What are the break- even points under either alternative? Which alternative is better and why? Solution [pic] The profitability after expansion is very good and hence it is better to expand. Illustration 10: Disposal of inventories ABC Ltd has on hand 5,000 units of a product that cannot be sold through regular sales. These were produced at a total cost of Re. 1, 50,000 and would normally have been sold for Rs. 40 per unit. Three alternatives are being considered. i. Sell the items as scrap for Rs. per unit ii. Repackage at a cost of Rs. 20,000 and sell them at Rs. 8 per unit iii. Dispose them off at the city dump at removal cost of Rs. 500. Which alternative should be accepted? Solution Exhibits the decision analysis [pic] Alternative II should be accepted. 13. 11 Summary  · Decision making is the process of evaluating two or more alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions. Decision making is closely associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal.  · A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions are crucial and critical to he firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty. Short term decision making is based on relevant data obtained from accounting information.  · Relevant Cost are costs which would change as a result of the decision.  · Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursuing the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone.  · Sunk costs are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making.  · Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice. It is also known as discretionary costs. These costs are relevant in decision making.  · Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and additional fixed costs resulting from a particular decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a better measure than the average cost. 13. 12 Terminal Questions 1. Avon garments Ltd manufactures readymade garments and uses its cut-pieces of cloth to manufacture dolls. The following statement of cost has been prepared. |Particulars |Readymade garments |Dolls |Total | |Direct material |Rs. 80,000 |Rs. 6,000 |Rs. 6,000 | |Direct labour |13,000 |1,200 |14,200 | |Variable overheads |17,000 |2,800 |19,800 | |Fixed overheads |24,000 |3,000 |27,000 | |Total cost |1,34,000 |13,000 |1,47,000 | |Sales |1,70,000 |12,000 |1,82,000 | |Profit (loss) |36,000 |(1,000) |35,000 | The cut-pieces used in dolls have a scrap value of Rs 1,000 if sold in the market. As there is a loss of Rs. 1,000 in the manufacturing of dolls, it is suggested to discontinue their manufacture. Advise the management. 2. The ABC Company Ltd produces most of its own parts and components. The standard wage rate in the parts department is Rs. 3 per hour. Variable manufacturing overheads is applied at a standard rate of Rs. 2 per labour – hour and fixed manufacturing overheads are charged at a standard rate of Rs 2. 50 per hour. For its current year’s output, the company will require a new part. This part can be made in the parts department without any expansion of existing facilities. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to increase the cost of product testing and inspection by Rs. 5,000 per month. Estimated labour time for the new part is half an hour per unit. Raw materials cost has been estimated at Rs. 6 per unit. The alternative choice before the company is to purchase part from an outside supplier at Rs 9 per unit. The company has estimated that it will need 2,00,000 new parts during the current years. Advise the company whether it would be more economical to buy or make the new parts. Would your answer be different if the requirement of new parts was only 1,00,000 parts? 13. 13 Answers to SAQ and TQs Answer to SAQ 1. Change 2 Sunk cost 3. Monetary benefits foregone 4. Avoidable cost Answers to TQs: . Discontinue manufacture of dolls | |Readymade garments |Dolls |Total | |Total cost |134000 |13000 |147000 | |Profit (loss) |36000 |(1000) |35000 | 2. Decision analysis : 200000 units – The company is advised to make the new part. The differential costs fa vouring the decision of making the component is Rs40000 Decision analysis : 100000 units – The company is advised to buy from an outside supplier. Total cost to manufacture 100000 units is Rs. 9,10,000. How to cite Decision Making – Cost Accounting, Essay examples

Of Mice And Men Essays (966 words) - English-language Films

Of Mice And Men Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, takes place on a ranch in the Salinas Valley of California, against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Steinbeck writes of two ordinary men trying to live the American Dream. Unfortunately they fail to fulfill those dreams. Steinbeck opens the book by vividly painting a picture of the Salinas River Valley. Two traveling laborers, George Milton and Lennie Small, are on their way to a job at a Californian ranch. George decides that they were to stay the night along the Salinas River's bank before reporting to work the next day. Over dinner George and Lennie discuss their plans. Through this conversation, Steinbeck reveals the contrasts between Lennie and George. Lennie is big and slow witted and George does the thinking for the pair. Lennie obeys George's every word like a dog to his master's commands. At this point in the book it becomes apparent that George and Lennie want to pursue the American Dream. Lennie asks George to tell him of their future home. It would be just George and him. They plan to have many orchards, pigs, cows, rabbits. They plan to live off the fat of the land. The next morning the two friends travel to the ranch to obtain their work assignments. As the arrive at the ranch they are greeted by a man name Candy. He tells them of the ranch and its inhabitants. When interviewed by the boss, George answers all the questions. He even answers for Lennie. Due to this, the boss becomes suspicious. While in the bunk the Boss' son Curly walks in looking for his father. Curly bullies Lennie, even though Curly is much smaller than him. George warns Lennie to stay away from him. At dinner, Slim introduces himself to George and is puzzled why they travel together. Later in the bunk George tells Slim about his life. He explains how Lennie likes to pet soft objects and how Lennie always gets them in trouble. George travels with Lennie because Lennie has nobody to look after him. George asks slim if Lennie could have one of his puppies. Lennie is ecstatic when Slim gives him a puppy. Curly's wife walks into the bunk looking for her husband. All of the men in the bunk drop their heads, but Lennie stares at her. The men told her that Curly isn't in the bunk. She leaves. George warns Lennie to stay away from her because she is trouble. Candy overhears George telling Lennie of their future farm and asks them about their future plans. At this point in the book it is apparent that Candy also wants to follow the American Dream. His dream is to live on their farm, hoe the garden, and wash the dishes for free. Curly enters the bunk again and spots Lennie smiling. He thinks that Lennie is making fun of him, so Curly begins taunting and hitting Lennie. Lennie refuses to fight back until George gives him permission. Lennie catches Curly's fist and begins to crush it. Lennie finally lets go of Curly's hand. The others threaten Curly that if he doesn't tell everyone that he got his hand caught in a machine that they would beat him up. They made this threat to prevent Lennie from being fired. The next day while the others are at a whorehouse, Lennie goes into the barn to pet his puppy. While in the barn he sees a light and goes towards it. Lennie enters the room of the black stable worker, named Crooks. At first Crooks objects to Lennie's invasion of privacy, but Lennie's good humor wins him over. Crooks explains the difficulties of being a black person on the ranch, and Lennie talks about his future farm. Candy enters the room and tells Lennie that he is going to put money towards the farm, Cro oks asks to be included, too. At this point Crooks wants to be part of the American Dream. The next day while the boys are playing horse shoes, Lennie is in the barn playing with his puppy. He handled the puppy too much and he broke the puppy's neck. As he tries

The Hunger Games

The Hunger Games Introduction The hunger games was a book written by Suzanne Collins and has been acknowledged and criticized. The play is based on the period when North America government was reduced to Panem country. The disintegration resulted to twelve districts which were controlled by Capitol.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hunger games were held in Capitol annually. Two tributes from both genders were drawn from the twelve districts and engaged in a fight to death. The essay will focus in answering questions that arise in an attempt to review the book. Themes of poverty, social inequality and love are well featured in the book. Further, the essay will relate some of occurrences to the situation in United States. Discussion Theme of inequality runs throughout the book. Capitol controls twelve districts and influences their lives. Katniss lives in a place nicknamed Seam beca use it harbors poor coal miners. The twelve districts must comply by selecting two tributes to participate in the game. Once a tribute is chosen he or she must go to Capitol. Career tributes come from the rich families and are favored. Career tributes are trained intensively since they come from rich families. Career tributes compete with other tributes from poor families who are not trained. The uncompromised fight to death shows inequality between the authority and subjects. Capitol manipulates wasps and wolves mutants as a way of frustrating tributes from poor families. The change of rules during game shows how Capitol can influence the outcome (Collins 79). Panem is a meritocratic system where success is based on ability and performance. The career tributes yearn for the hunger games since they will be rewarded for their skills. The intense training depicts the importance of reward to the tributes. Katniss and Peeta tell Haymitch to be dedicated in his work so as to ensure they get rewards and sponsorship at the end of the game. Further, tributes are dedicated in killing each other so as to emerge as winners. After Peeta and Katniss are declared winners they are overjoyed because of the rewards. Further, when Peeta and Katniss return home, their people are happy and they pose for cameras (Collins 154). Media influences the social structure of Panem to a great extent. As a result, the citizens are more cohesive and learn to appreciate each other. Before the games begin all tributes are interviewed by a television host. The society gets to know how prepared their tributes are for the hunger games.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Peeta gets to inform the rest of the society including Katniss of his true feelings for her. After Peeta and Katniss return home victorious media aspect is involved (Collins 165). The two victors pose for cameras as they unite with their people. Tributes get to know each other better via media. Further, the society is in touch with the preparedness of their tributes via media. Media influence in social aspect is similar to the situation in United States. Media plays a crucial role in promoting social cohesion among the citizens of the United States. For example, during the political campaigns the rivals get to know each other’s strategies via media. The supporters gauge the success chances of their political representative via media. The cohesion in the society is promoted as people are united by media. People from different sides are featured equally thus enhancing social equality. The social relation between politicians and their supporters is enhanced by media. Political parties accept defeat and success of the rival due to trust and reliability that is associated with media in United States. According to Allan Johnson, social structure is prone to many forces. Many factors are consi dered in establishment of social structure. Social structure varies with the change in attitude, norms and beliefs. Path of least resistance is interpreted as the common expectations by a specific social structure. Path of least resistance is associated with acceptance while the opposite leads to rejection and punishment. In Panem, path of least resistance is well laid by the Capitol. All districts present two tributes from both sexes during the hunger games as spelt by the government. Katniss volunteers in place of her sister to ensure that her family do not defy with the set orders. Haymitch trains Katniss skillfully so as to ensure that she will be successful by doing what is required. For example, the tactic of running from her rivals increases her chances of being victorious (Collins 179). Katniss teams up with Rue since she knows that they are more likely to win by forming a bond. There is one instance when Katniss and Peeta fail to follow the path of low resistance. When the second announcement during the game demands that they should kill each other, they opt to commit suicide. Peeta and Katniss attempt to eat the poisonous berries and defy the orders of Capitol. Despite their disobedience, they are both proclaimed winners. However, Haymitch advices Katniss to tell the authority that she was in love with Peeta and could not be able to kill him so as to show that she was not being disobedient (Collins 180).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hunger Games is a book that highlights significant issues in sociology arena. Social structure is one of the aspects featured in the book. Gender equity is well pronounced when the districts are supposed to produce tributes from both genders (Collins 212). Further, all districts take part in the games which shows social cohesion. Power distance model involving the relationship between the authority and subjects is well featured. The social activities involved in the livelihood of the people of Panem promote cultural knowledge and acceptance. The book highlights instances of inequity and relates them with negative effects. Equity is associated with positive impacts to the society. The book discourages inequity and advocates for social cohesion. The hunger games take place in a place that is not well known by the tributes. The hardships and the different situations are meant to make tributes adjust and survive all conditions. The hunger games involve participation of all districts which promotes cohesion (Collins 260). The rich compete with the poor at a place where they are exposed to similar conditions. However, Collins successfully highlights some of the benefits accorded to the rich tributes. The nature of meritocracy ensures that the tributes of high merit are accorded great rewards. The book bridges the gap between the rich and the poor by negating the benefits accorded to rich and boosting the ability of the poor tributes. Miner’s story on Nacirema attempts to bridge the gaps existing between different cultures. There are cultures that are considered being superior to others. The attempt of Miner is to reduce the intensity of culture disregard and promote acceptance. Miner features Nacirema people who thought that their bodies were vulnerable to diseases and sought for magic to heal them. Miner talks of the shrine in which every Nacirema was supposed to pray and drink substances given by medicine men. Miner compares the culture of Nacirema with that of Americans. He refers to the shrine as being a bathroom according to Americans. Their belief in magic is associated with cosmetics and makeup used by Americans. The magical drinks are interpreted as medicine given by doctors in America. The hunger games features Panem society that can be compared with American society. The games could be interpreted as political campaigns where the victorious po litician is accorded reward. The participation of all districts in the games can be interpreted as equality exercised when supporters vote (Collins 289).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, inequality can be associated with the discrimination accorded to people of lower status in America. The book is well suited for youths since entertainment and theme of love is well featured. The protagonist is outstanding especially with her ace of hunting. Romance is the only excuse for not following the path with least resistance. Conclusion The Hunger Games is a very entertaining book that has been successful in highlighting aspects of social structure. The book contributes significantly to sociology literature as it identifies issues associated with negative as well as positive impacts in the society. Easy manipulation by Capitol shows influence and power distance involved in governance of Panem society. Meritocracy system is adopted by the government of Panem. Meritocracy ensures rewards are given to people who deserve them thus ensuring fairness and justice. Further, the issues of a fight to death and the uncompromised participation depict severe control on the c itizens. However the mutant wolves and availability of treatment for Peeta should have been more twisted Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games, New York: Scholastic publishers. 2008. Print.

Simple Conjugations for the French Verb Réussir

Simple Conjugations for the French Verb Rà ©ussir T​he  French verb conjugation  of  rà ©ussir. Present Future Imperfect Present participle je russis russirai russissais russissant tu russis russiras russissais il russit russira russissait nous russissons russirons russissions vous russissez russirez russissiez ils russissent russiront russissaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle russi Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je russisse russirais russis russisse tu russisses russirais russis russisses il russisse russirait russit russt nous russissions russirions russmes russissions vous russissiez russiriez russtes russissiez ils russissent russiraient russirent russissent Imperative tu russis nous russissons vous russissez Verb conjugation patternRà ©ussir  is a  regular -IR verb

Importance Of The Sex Education In Cameroon Research Paper

Importance Of The Sex Education In Cameroon - Research Paper Example The link between knowledge and an informed stance is very clear and education is the primary basis of grooming children to give them the knowledge to make informed decisions. It is very simple to point the culprit of HIV and teen pregnancies; the lack of sex education. Therefore, schools or special projects must introduce programs to increase awareness on these issues at a basic level. Consequences of unprotected sex must be told to children so that they can make an informed stance. They need to make decisions and understand the grave nature of their actions. The lack of this education has led to the current situation with increasing rates of HIV and teen pregnancies. As of 2010, 14.23 percent teens in the 10 to 19 years age group represent teen pregnancies (Tebeu et al., 2010). The rise in teen pregnancies, in particular, suggests that teens are involved in sexual experimentation without adequate knowledge of the consequences. Peer pressure is also a major factor to spread the acts of unprotected sex by following a larger group. Teens making uninformed decisions can only lead to the spread of the problem by making others follow in their footsteps. Students who deal with low self-esteem and confidence are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure (â€Å"HIV & AIDS,† 2011). There has to be a barrier to stop or reduce this effect. These peers replace the role of what sex education is supposed to provide. Instead of getting reliable information, teens follow their unguided fellows. The responsibility for the lack of this knowledge falls on the parents and the education system. They are the two main factors involved in grooming teens and imparting necessary knowledge before they form adults. Furthermore, parents are often hesitant to discuss sex with teens and it is against the culture to discuss sex within family norms (Cormier, 2013).

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family Essay

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family - Essay Example The group has various terrorist gangs around the globe who pledge allegiance to them. The group has carried out many of attacks targeting Western governments and also western owned buildings. They carry the attacks as they are what they call infiltration of the Islamic religion (Hoffman, 2008). His well to do upbringing saw him attend prestigious schools in Saudi Arabia. He schooled in the Saudi port city in an elite school called Al Thagher Model School between 1968 and 1976 (Neumann, 2014). At the institution, he studied British style education alongside daily Islamic worship. According to Steve Coll, a writer for the New Yorker, Osama was introduced to Islamic teachings. This formed the foundation for his political and violent activism in favor of Islamic religion. At the age of 17, Osama was married to his first cousin. At this time, it was a normal convention among traditional Muslims to practice this. His wife was a Syrian woman from his mother’s side. He later on married three other women in line with the Islamic law. He bore between 20 and 30 children (Chossudovsky, 2001). He married at an early age to protect him from corruption. He attended his secondary and university education in Jeddah. He attended King Abdi Al-Aziz University where he studied public administration, economics, business administration as well as civil engineering. While at the university, he was very enthusiastic about religious debates, particularly Islam religion. Mohammed Laden first came to Saudi Arabia from South Yemen where he had spent most of his early years. He started as a very poor laborer, working as a porter in Jeddah port. He later got into the construction building from where he builds much wealth. While working in the constructions business, he developed very close ties with members of the ruling family at the time of King Saud (McAuley, 2005). The close ties with the first family saw his take the risk of building King Saud’s  palaces at very cheap prices, cheaper than the lowest bids.  

Mba Y De La Educación Ejecutiva

Mba Y De La Educacià ³n Ejecutiva Publicado: Sà ¡bado, 14 de febrero de 2009 a las 06:00 Las escuelas de negocios replantean la enseà ±anza de valores tras la crisis y los fraudes recientes; la actual debacle econà ³mica es la primera que protagonizan los graduados de estos programas. expansion Estafas como la de Bernard Madoff revigorizaron la discusià ³n. (Foto: Jorge Garaiz)Estafas como la de Bernard Madoff revigorizaron la discusià ³n. (Foto: Jorge Garaiz) ARTà CULOS RELACIONADOS IPADE e ITAM, los mejores MBA en 2009 La escuela de negocios de la Universidad Panamericana corona de nuevo el ranking de Expansià ³n. MBA de Harvard lidera ranking global 6 escuelas de EU, 3 inglesas y una espaà ±ola son la mà ¡s prestigiadas en la lista 2009 de Expansià ³n. Los mejores MBA de Mà ©xico 2008 El IPADE es la mejor opcià ³n para estudiar una Maestrà ­a en Administracià ³n de Negocios en el paà ­s Los mejores MBA globales 2008 El Master de Stanford es el ganador del ranking de Expansià ³n 2008 y Harvard le pisa los talones OTROS ENLACES enfoques Testimonios y tips enfoques 17 opciones en Mà ©xico Por: Gustavo Stok y Marco Appel BUENOS AIRES/BRUSELAS — La crisis puso en evidencia las carencias de muchos ejecutivos y de su formacià ³n. Mientras asimilan el daà ±o a su imagen, las escuelas de negocios empiezan a debatir y ensayan cambios en sus programas y mà ©todos de enseà ±anza. La sucesià ³n de escà ¡ndalos financieros, desde las acusaciones al CEO de Lehman Brothers, Richard Fuld Jr, por el presunto ocultamiento de informacià ³n sobre el estado financiero del banco, hasta la estafa por unos 50,000 MDD de Bernard Madoff, ex presidente del Nasdaq, revigorizà ³ una discusià ³n que no es nueva. â€Å"Esta reflexià ³n sobre la importancia de la à ©tica, del gobierno corporativo y de la responsabilidad social ya nos la hemos hecho cuando se produjo la debacle de Enron y las puntocom. Pero no fue suficiente: al cabo de unos aà ±os, volvimos a las andadas†, dice Joan Fontrodona, director del departamento de Ética de la IESE Business School, la escuela de direccià ³n de la Universidad de Navarra, en Barcelona. No obstante, el gran cambio para las escuelas de negocios es que, a diferencia de lo que sucedà ­a hace casi una dà ©cada, esta discusià ³n sobre la à ©tica ejecutiva ya no constituye un mero ejercicio intelectual reflejado en casos de anà ¡lisis. Ahora, encontrar respuestas es una necesidad imperiosa para limitar los daà ±os a la imagen de los centros de estudios. Esa necesidad fue uno de los motores que impulsaron a mà ¡s de 250 decanos de escuelas de negocios de todo el mundo a reunirse por primera vez el 6 de diciembre pasado en la sede de las Naciones Unidas, en Nueva York, para discutir cà ³mo pueden enseà ±ar a las nuevas generaciones de là ­deres corporativos el valor global de la responsabilidad social. El Global Forum for Responsible Management Education tiene su origen en una iniciativa de varias escuelas que arrancà ³ en 2007, cuando la crisis financiera ya era un hecho. â€Å"Inclusià ³n y economà ­a global sustentable son palabras nuevas en las escuelas de negocios; hay que volverlas habituales†, dijo en aquel encuentro à ngel Cabrera, presidente de la Thunderbird School of Global Management y titular de la fuerza de tarea internacional que delineà ³ los principios à ©ticos que se difundieron en esa reunià ³n. Cambios en marcha A fines de noviembre pasado, Harvard publicà ³ una profunda investigacià ³n sobre cuà ¡l es el futuro de los MBA y de la educacià ³n ejecutiva. El informe, en el que participaron 30 decanos de las escuelas mà ¡s prestigiosas del mundo, pone sobre la mesa tres cuestiones que los centros de estudios deberà ­an incluir en sus programas para hacer frente a los desafà ­os actuales: globalizacià ³n, enseà ±anza experimental y desarrollo del liderazgo. Este à ºltimo à ­tem es, precisamente, uno de los dà ©ficits que dejà ³ mà ¡s en evidencia la crisis. Los especialistas sostienen que, en los à ºltimos aà ±os, buena parte de los MBA girà ³ hacia un tipo de educacià ³n calificada en el à ¡mbito cuantitativo, pero sin una buena formacià ³n en las llamadas ‘habilidades blandas.  ¿Resultado? Carencia de là ­deres con capacidad para gestionar, comunicar y solucionar problemas mà ¡s allà ¡ de sus funciones. A esto se sumà ³ la tendencia creciente a formar directivos cuya exclusiva preocupacià ³n pasa por otorgar beneficios a los accionistas, y lograr para sà ­ mismos los jugosos incentivos. â€Å"Con la crisis actual hemos quebrado tambià ©n una idea acerca del objetivo de las escuelas de negocios†, dijo Edward Freeman, profesor de Ética de la Darden School of Business, de la Universidad de Virginia, en un panel, el pasado 24 de septiembre. â€Å"Lo que hacen es capacitar a los estudiantes para convertirlos en especialistas funcionales, pero por lo que deberà ­an estar preocupadas, antes que nada, es por entender cà ³mo formar là ­deres que generen valor para los consumidores, proveedores, trabajadores, la comunidad y tambià ©n para los inversionistas. Esos elementos van unidos, no separados. Si yo fuera profesor de Finanzas, me sentirà ­a humillado porque da la impresià ³n que hicimos mal las cosas†. Las escuelas de negocios estadounidenses que vieron salir a sus egresados de Lehman, Merril Lynch y otras firmas en crisis, no accedieron a las solicitudes de entrevista formuladas por Expansià ³n. Harvard no respondià ³ los pedidos, en NYU Stern seà ±alaron que tenà ­an â€Å"otras prioridades urgentes que atender† y desde Wharton invitaron a consultar el anà ¡lisis realizado sobre el origen de la crisis financiera en su pà ¡gina de internet. Ética y catarsis En Amà ©rica Latina, las principales escuelas de negocios creen que los ajustes en sus programas y mà ©todos de enseà ±anza no serà ¡n tan profundos como los que se esperan en EU.  ¿La razà ³n? â€Å"(en Amà ©rica Latina) la preocupacià ³n por temas à ©ticos ya habà ­a sido consistente en los à ºltimos aà ±os†, dice Leonidas Montes, profesor de Economà ­a, Instituciones e Ideas Polà ­ticas y Ética de los Negocios de la Universidad Adolfo Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez, en Santiago de Chile. En todo caso, en tiempos de crisis, la apuesta pasa por fortalecer las discusiones de corte formativo, de à ©tica y balance de vida. En Mà ©xico, el IPADE, que siempre se ha enfocado en los valores, lo està ¡ haciendo mediante el anà ¡lisis de casos emblemà ¡ticos. Uno de ellos es el de Vicente, un financiero egresado de esta escuela, de 32 aà ±os, con voracidad por el dinero, que duerme poco, toma medicamentos y està ¡ distanciado de su esposa y amigos. â€Å"Todo eso conforma una problemà ¡tica oculta, de la que no se habla con los jefes. A veces porque los mismos jefes son ‘Vicentes que tienen a cargo a otros ‘Vicentes. La crisis econà ³mica es consecuencia de esos individualismos, de los problemas de personas y grupos de personas†¦ y a ese tipo de gente se le ha formado en las escuelas de negocios†, dice Carlos Alejandro Armenta Pico, profesor de Ética del IPADE. Ademà ¡s de Vicente, esta institucià ³n trabaja con otros casos paradigmà ¡tic os, como el de un ejecutivo enredado en un sistema que premia al que trabaja 16 horas por dà ­a, entre otros ejemplos. En Argentina, el IAE Business School, en tanto, incluyà ³ en su oferta una serie de seminarios utilizados para catarsis de los ejecutivos. â€Å"En tiempos de crisis, los tres grandes ejes temà ¡ticos de las escuelas de negocios debieran ser valores à ©ticos, gobierno corporativo y, el mà ¡s importante, cà ³mo motivar a la gente en situaciones como la crisis†, dice Josà © Marà ­a Corrales, profesor y director del à ¡rea acadà ©mica de Sistemas de Direccià ³n y Control del IAE, en Buenos Aires. â€Å"La escuela (†¦es) tambià ©n el à ¡mbito para que altos directivos hagan una suerte de catarsis, compartir experiencias. Hay mucha inquietud, mucha desazà ³n, y eso està ¡ generando una alta demanda en los seminarios†. Los especialistas advierten que esto tendrà ¡ efectos globales. â€Å"Los MBA no tendrà ¡n la misma influencia si se les ve como boletos automà ¡ticos a ciertos empleos†, comenta Philippe Haspeslagh, decano de la Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School, en Bà ©lgica. En tanto, para el argentino Claudio Fernà ¡ndez Arà ¡oz, socio de la firma de cazatalentos Egon Zehnder Internacional, una de las consecuencias pasarà ¡ por imponer criterios mà ¡s rigurosos de seleccià ³n del personal. â€Å"La demanda de los MBA no deberà ­a disminuir, si bien las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as tendrà ¡n que ser mucho mà ¡s cuidadosas y selectivas en sus contrataciones†, dice. Avaricia y falta de à ©tica, ausencia de liderazgo e individualismo. La crisis dejà ³ al desnudo las carencias de muchos ejecutivos y, por extensià ³n, de su formacià ³n. â€Å"Nos guste o no, las escuelas de negocios nos veremos afectadas () Eso sà ­, es probable que, en primer tà ©rmino, se observe mà ¡s hacia las escuelas estadounidenses, mà ¡s enfocadas en finanzas†, comenta Camino de Paz, directora ejecutiva de programas MBA de la IE-Instituto de Empresa Business School, en Espaà ±a. Las escuelas europeas, incluso, esperan que crezca el interà ©s por estudiar en Europa por sobre EU. A Katia Muà ±oz Serrano le ofrecieron una beca para estudiar un MBA en Boston, â€Å"pero lo rechacà © porque culturalmente no encontraba valor agregado en Estados Unidos†, dice. Ella escogià ³ la Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School porque era la à ºnica que tenà ­a un enfoque en la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. Las escuelas europeas confà ­an en que casos como à ©ste se multipliquen e intentan marcar distancias con las estadounidenses. â€Å"Hay una gran diferencia entre las escuelas que orientan sus MBA a una enseà ±anza mà ¡s amplia del management, y las otras que llamamos ‘fà ¡bricas de MBA, que està ¡n dirigidas a (satisfacer) a Wall Street o Londres: mà ¡s de 60% de los estudiantes de MBA està ¡n trabajando en el sector financiero†, seà ±ala Haspeslagh, de la Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School. â€Å"El prestigio de nuestras escuelas podrà ­a verse un poco menos daà ±ado que el de las estadounidenses, y aunque todavà ­a es muy pronto para determinar si mà ¡s candidatos latinoamericanos van a volver la vista a las escuelas europeas, si el debate y la polà ©mica sobre los valores crecen, es posible que haya mà ¡s interesados en Latinoamà ©rica por nuestras escuelas†, prevà © Camino de Paz, de la IE.

A Good Persuasive

A good persuasive essay topic would consist of two essential components; the capability to persuade people with your writing skills and the second is to select a persuasive essay topic, which would interest the large number of audience. One of the trickiest tasks in persuasive essay writing process is choosing a right topic. Make sure the topic you choose must be creative, original, of your interest and you have some knowledge regarding it. It must be presented in a most convincing matter. Many students fail to choose a convincing topic and therefore, they are unable to attain good marks.Utilize all the available resources in order to find a topic for your persuasive essay. You can find numerous topics from books, class lectures, Internet, magazines, newspapers, television programs and experiencing the phenomena on your own. Following are some persuasive essay topic from, which you can choose a topic of your choice: ‘ Advertisement targeting practices ‘ Internet privacy i ssues ‘ Clash of civilization ‘ Environmental issues ‘ Homosexuality ‘ Is music downloading illegal? ‘ Wealth and power ‘ Life beyond earth ‘ Women and Islam Steroid and sports ‘ Discuss the difference between the life of big city and small city ‘ Importance of games in a student's life ‘ Effects of globalization on one's life ‘ Space exploration ‘ Morality and Religion ‘ Commercials of liquor ‘Cyber stalkers ‘ Immigration Policies ‘ Religion in Schools and Colleges ‘ Nurture versus Nature ‘ Influence of media on one's life ‘ Salary caps for professional students ‘ Is human cloning right? ‘ Terrorist attack in Iraq ‘ Are beauty contests harmful? ‘ Disney films ‘ Violent movies Internet filters ‘ Plastic surgery programs ‘ Sports gambling ‘ Effects of beer commercials on elementary school children ‘ Professional athlet ic strikes ‘ Benefits of team work in an organization ‘ Criminals and Criminology ‘ Ecology of Earth ‘ Understanding Addictions ‘ Commercialization of sports Above are some persuasive essays topics that help students in choosing a topic of their interest. When selecting a topic, it is necessary to keep in mind, the topic you choose must be of your interest and you have some knowledge regarding it.

Psychology-Naturalistic Observation Essay - 1781 Words

Naturalistic Observation Primary Reference Source Loucopoulos P and V Karakostas (1995) System Requirements Engineering. McGraw Hill International. Summary description Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera. Typical Application Areas Useful early in specification for obtaining qualitative data. This method is an alternative (non-involving) version of Contextual Inquiry. It is useful for studying currently executed tasks and processes. It has been†¦show more content†¦The book by Rubin is cited on account of its clarity of exposition, but this approach is documented in many sources. J Nielsen advocates an approach he calls discount usability engineering. Typical Application Areas These approaches may be used at any stage in the process, although discount usability engineering assumes the existence of a prototype that can stand on its own. Benefits The method can be seen as an alternative to more extensive trials, which may take place later, prior to a release of a product. Limitations If planning and preparation work is underestimated, results may be of little value. Cost of use Basic needs for this approach are paper forms for the observers, and equipment to show the interface on a screen or wall. This equipment could include an overhead projector, a computer screen, a barco, or a video based system with monitor. Optional materials needed would be a video camera to record the test session, log software and a computer with a simple data logging program. Costs of Acquisition This approach is public domain. The work of Rubin is particularly useful as a starting point. 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When looking at it from a psychology stand point, the scientific method allows psychologists to formulate a way to study and make sense of human nature and support their â€Å"haunches and plausible sounding theories†(Myers, 2010). Within the scientific method a theory is formed by everyday observations. It predicts behaviors or possible outcomes. Next a hypothesis must be formed. A hypothesis is â€Å"a testable predictionRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender And Amount Of Participation910 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship between Gender and Amount of Participation in a Class In a classroom setting, who is more vocal in asking and answering questions men or women? This is the question we hope to answer in our naturalistic observation study. This question has been studied in numerous other observations. Dillon (2001) observed a high school classroom setting to see if male would participate more than women to see if â€Å"male predominance† of participation is true. He found that the number of times eachRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a german

Ethical Journalism During the Vietnam War Essay - 1890 Words

Ethical Journalism During the Vietnam War During the Vietnam War, a rift between government officials and journalists emerged. The American government felt the need, for various reasons, to censor many war developments. In an attempt to act ethically, the press fought the censors, trying their hardest to report the truth to the general public. Despite claims of bias and distortion by several prominent government officials, these journalists acted completely ethically, allowing the general public to obtain a fair, informed opinion. The Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) provides a very clear and thorough Code of Ethics, which serves as a good definition of ethical journalism. According to this code, an ethical journalist†¦show more content†¦Researcher Clarence Wyatt described this incident vividly. The South Vietnamese had captured and beaten a prisoner. In front of several reporters, Brigadier General Nguyen Loan, who was chief of the National Police, shot and killed the prisoner at point blank range without saying a word. Unbeknownst to Loan, there were cameras rolling as he executed the prisoner. Eddie Adams, a photographer from the Associated Press, took a picture that would later prove to be one of the most memorable images from the war. As if that was not enough, Vo Suu, cameraman for NBC correspondent Howard Tuckner, shot film of the incident. The photo and the film would dramatically shock the general public (Wyatt 165-167). By reporting this simple event without sensationalizing anything, Adams and Suu gave a classic demonstration of the ethical nature of American Journalism. As Wyatt states, The photograph and film speak of the presence and characteristics of American journalism. Adams, Tuckner, and Suu were skilled reporters with an instinct for the dramatic incident. 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